[انهار الحربي]

السلام عليكم وحمة الله وبركاتة بكرة السبت 11-7-1433 مناقشة البحث عن اشعة جاما بس ابى اختصار للبحث لانه كثير وبالانجليزي
وهذا البحث

WHAT ARE GAMMA-RAY

Gamma radiation, also known as gamma rays or hyphenated as gamma-rays and denoted as γ, is electromagnetic radiation of high frequency and therefore energy. Gamma rays are ionizing radiation and are thus biologically hazardous. Gamma rays are classically produced by the decay from high energy states of atomic nuclei (gamma decay), but also in many other ways. Natural sources of gamma rays on Earth include gamma decay from naturally-occurring radioisotopessuch as potassium-40, and also as a secondary radiation from various atmospheric interactions with cosmic ray particles. Some rare terrestrial natural sources that produce gamma rays that are not of a nuclear origin, are lightning strikes and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, which produce high energy emissions from natural high-energy voltages. Gamma rays are produced by a number of astronomical processes in which very high-energy electrons are produced. Such electrons produce secondary gamma rays by the mechanisms of bremsstrahlung, inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron radiation. A large fraction of such astronomical gamma rays are screened by Earth's atmosphere and must be detected by spacecraft. Notable artificial sources of gamma rays include fission such as occurs in nuclear reactors, and high energy physics experiments, such as neutral pion decay and nuclear fusion.

The first gamma ray source to be discovered historically was the radioactive decay process called gamma decay. In this type of decay, an excited nucleus emits a gamma ray almost immediately upon formation. Isomeric transition, however, can produce inhibited gamma decay with a measurable and much longer half-life. Paul Villard, a French chemist and physicist, discovered gamma radiation in 1900, while studying radiation emitted from radium.[1][2] Villard's radiation was named "gamma rays" by Ernest Rutherford in 1903.[3]Gamma rays were named in order of their penetrating power: alpha rays least, followed by beta rays, followed by gamma rays as the most penetrating.

Gamma rays typically have frequencies above 10 exahertz (or >1019 Hz), and therefore have energies above 100 keV and wavelengths less than 10 picometers (less than the diameter of an atom). However, this is not a hard and fast definition but rather only a rule-of-thumb description for natural processes. Gamma rays from radioactive decay commonly have energies of a few hundred keV, and almost always less than 10 MeV. On the other side of the decay energy range, there is effectively no lower limit to gamma energy derived from radioactive decay. By contrast, the energies of gamma rays from astronomical sources can be much higher, ranging over 10 TeV, at a level far too large to result from radioactive decay.[4]

The distinction between X-rays and gamma rays has changed in recent decades. Originally, the electromagnetic radiation emitted by X-ray tubes almost invariably had a longer

distinguished between X- and gamma radiation on the basis of wavelength, with

radiation shorter than some arbitrary wavelength, such as 10−11 wavelength than the radiation

(gamma rays) emitted by radioactivenuclei.[5] Older literature m, defined as gamma rays.[6] However, with artificial sources now able to duplicate any electromagnetic radiation that originates in the nucleus, as well as far higher energies, the wavelengths characteristic of radioactive gamma ray sources vs. other types, now completely overlaps. Thus, gamma rays are now usually distinguished by their origin: X-rays are emitted by definition by electrons outside the nucleus, while gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus.[5][7][8][9] Exceptions to this convention occur in astronomy, where gamma decay is seen in the afterglow of certain supernovas, but other high energy processes known to involve other than radioactive decay are still classed as sources of gamma radiation. A notable example is extremely powerful bursts of high-energy radiation normally referred to as long durationgamma-ray bursts, which produce gamma rays by a mechanism not compatible with radioactive decay. These bursts of gamma rays, thought to be due to the collapse of stars called hyper novas, are the most powerful events so far discovered in the cosmos.

SHIELDING

Shielding from gamma rays requires large amounts of mass, in contrast to alpha particles which can be blocked by paper or skin, and beta particles which can be shielded by foil. Gamma rays are better absorbed by materials with high atomic numbers and high density, although neither effect is important compared to the total mass per area in the path of the gamma ray. For this reason, a lead shield is only modestly better (20–30% better) as a gamma shield, than an equal mass of another shielding material such as aluminum, concrete, water or soil; lead's major advantage is not in lower weight, but rather its compactness due to its higher density. Protective clothing, goggles and respirators can protect from internal contact with or ingestion of alpha or beta particles, but provide no protection from gamma radiation from external sources.

The higher the energy of the gamma rays, the thicker the shielding required. Materials for shielding gamma rays are typically measured by the thickness required to reduce the intensity of the gamma rays by one halF

(the half value layer or HVL). For example gamma rays that require 1

cm (0.4″) of lead to reduce their intensity by 50% will also have their intensity reduced in half by 4.1 cm of granite rock, 6 cm (2½″) of concrete, or 9 cm (3½″) of packed soil. However, the mass of this much concrete or soil is only 20–30% greater than that of lead with the same absorption capability. Depleted uranium is used for shielding in portable gamma ray sources, but again the savings in weight over lead is modest, and the main effect is to reduce shielding bulk. In a nuclear power plant, shielding can be provided by steel and concrete in the pressure and particle containment vessel, while water provides a radiation shielding of fuel rods during storage or transport into the reactor core. The loss of water or removal of a "hot" fuel assembly into the air would result in much higher radiation levels than when kept under water.

MATTER INTERACTION:

The total absorption coefficient of aluminium (atomic number 13) for gamma rays, plotted versus gamma energy, and the contributions by the three effects. As is usual, the photoelectric effect is largest at low energies, Compton scattering dominates at intermediate energies, and pair production dominates at high energies.

The total absorption coefficient of lead (atomic number 82) for gamma rays, plotted versus gamma energy, and the contributions by the three effects. Here, the photoelectric effect dominates at low energy. Above 5 MeV, pair production starts to dominate.

When a gamma ray passes through matter, the probability for absorption is proportional to the thickness of the layer, the density of the material, and the absorption cross section of the material

. The total absorption shows to an exponential decrease of intensity with distance from the incident surface:

[IMG]file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cdesk%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsoht mlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif[/IMG]

where x is the distance from the incident surface, μ = nσ is the absorption coefficient, measured in cm−1, n the number of atoms per cm3 of the material (atomic density), σ the absorption cross section in cm2 and x the distance from the incident surface of the gamma rays in cm.

As it passes through matter, gamma radiation ionizes via three processes: the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production.

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT:

This describes the case in which a gamma photon interacts with and transfers its energy to an atomic electron, causing the ejection of that electron from the atom. The kinetic energy of the resulting photoelectron is equal to the energy of the incident gamma photon minus the energy that originally bound the electron to the atom (binding energy). The photoelectric effect is the dominant energy transfer mechanism for X-ray and gamma ray photons with energies below 50 keV (thousand electron volts), but it is much less important at higher energies.

COMPTON SCATTERING:

This is an interaction in which an incident gamma photon loses enough energy to an atomic electron to cause its ejection, with the remainder of the original photon's energy emitted as a new, lower energy gamma photon whose emission direction is different from that of the incident gamma photon, hence the term "scattering". The probability of Compton scattering decreases with increasing photon energy. Compton scattering is thought to be the principal absorption mechanism for gamma rays in the intermediate energy range 100 keV to 10 MeV. Compton scattering is relatively independent of the atomic number of the absorbing material, which is why very dense materials like lead are only modestly better shields, on a per weight basis, than are less dense materials.

PAIR PRODUCTION:

This becomes possible with gamma energies exceeding 1.02 MeV, and becomes important as an absorption mechanism at energies over 5 MeV (see illustration at right, for lead). By interaction with the electric field of a nucleus, the energy of the incident photon is converted into the mass of an electron-positron pair. Any gamma energy in excess of the equivalent rest mass of the two particles (totaling at least 1.02 MeV) appears as the kinetic energy of the pair and in the recoil of the emitting nucleus. At the end of the positron's range, it combines with a free electron, and the two annihilate, and the entire mass of these two is then converted into two gamma photons of at least 0.51 MeV energy each (or higher according to the kinetic energy of the annihilated particles).

The secondary electrons (and/or positrons) produced in any of these three processes frequently have enough energy to produce much ionization themselves.

LIGHT INTERACTION:

High-energy (from 80 to 500 GeV) gamma rays arriving from far-distant quasars are used to estimate the extragalactic background light in the universe: The highest-energy rays interact more readily with the background light photons and thus the density of the background light may be estimated by analyzing the incoming gamma ray spectrums.[14]

GAMMA RAY PRODUCTION:

Gamma rays can be produced by a wide range of phenomena.

RADIOACTIVE DECAY (GAMMA DECAY):

Gamma rays from radioactive gamma decay are produced alongside other forms of radiation such as alpha or beta, and are produced after the other types of decay occur. The mechanism is that when a nucleus emits an α or β particle, the daughter nucleus is usually left in an excited state. It can then move to a lower energy state by emitting a gamma ray, in much the same way that an atomic electron can jump to a lower energy state by emitting a photon. Emission of a gamma ray from an excited nuclear state typically requires only 10−12seconds, and is thus nearly instantaneous. Gamma decay from excited states may also follow nuclear reactions such as neutron capture, nuclear fission, or nuclear fusion.

In certain cases, the excited nuclear state following the emission of a beta particle may be more stable than average, and is termed a metastable excited state, if its decay is 100 to 1000 times longer than the average 10−12 seconds. Such nuclei have half-lives that are easily measurable, and are termed nuclear isomers. Some nuclear isomers are able to stay in their excited state for minutes, hours, days, or occasionally far longer, before emitting a gamma ray. Isomeric transition is the name given to a gamma decay from such a state. The process of isomeric transition is therefore similar to any gamma emission, but differs in that it involves the intermediate metastable excited states of the nuclei.

An emitted gamma ray from any type of excited state may transfer its energy directly to one of the most tightly bound electrons causing it to be ejected from the atom, a process termed the photoelectric effect

(it should not be confused with the internal conversion process, in which no real gamma ray photon is produced as an intermediate particle).

Decay schemeof 60Co

Gamma rays, X-rays, visible light, and radio waves are all forms

of electromagnetic radiation. The only difference is the frequency and hence the energy of those photons. Gamma rays are generally the most energetic of these, although broad overlap with X-ray energies occurs.

An example of gamma ray production follows:

First 60
Co decays to excited60
Ni by beta decay by emission of a electron of 0.31 MeV. Then the excited 60

Ni drops down to the ground state (see nuclear shell model) by emitting two gamma rays in succession (1.17 MeV then 1.33 MeV). This path is followed 99.88% of the time:

Another exampleis the alpha decay of241Am to form 237
Np; this alpha decay is accompanied by gamma emission. In some cases, the gamma emission spectrum for a nucleus (daughter nucleus) is quite simple, (e.g. 60
Co/60
Ni) while in other cases, such as with (241
Am/237
Np and 192
Ir/192
Pt), the gamma emission spectrum is complex, revealing that a series of nuclear energy levels can exist. The fact that an alpha spectrum can have a series of different peaks with different energies reinforces the idea that several nuclear energy levels are possible.

Because a beta decay is accompanied by the emission of a neutrino which also carries energy away, the beta spectrum does not have sharp lines, but instead has a broad peak. Hence from beta decay alone it is not possible to probe the different energy levels found in the nucleus.

In optical spectroscopy, it is well known that an entity which emits light can also absorb light at the same wavelength (photon energy). For instance, a sodium flame can emit yellow light as well as absorb the yellow light from another sodium vapor lamp. In the case of gamma rays, this can be seen in Mössbauer spectroscopy. Here, a correction for the Doppler shift due to recoil of the nucleus usually is not required, since the emitting and absorbing atoms are locked into a crystal, which absorbs their momentum (see Mössbauer effect). In this way, the exact conditions for gamma ray absorption through resonance can be attained.

This is similar to the Franck Condon effects seen in optical spectroscopy.

GAMMA RAYS FROM SOURCES OTHER THAN RADIOACTIVE DECAY.

MAIN ARTICLE: GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY:

A few gamma rays in astronomy are known to arise from gamma decay (see discussion of SN1987A) but most do not.

Gamma radiation, like X-radiation, can be produced by a variety of phenomena. When high-energy gamma rays, electrons, or protons bombard materials, the excited atoms within emit characteristic "secondary" gamma rays, which are products of the temporary creation of excited nuclear states in the bombarded atoms

(such transitions form a topic in nuclear spectroscopy). Such gamma rays are produced by the nucleus, but not as a result of nuclear excitement from radioactive decay

Energy in the gamma radiation range, often explicitly called

gamma-radiation when it comes from astrophysical sources, is also produced by sub-atomic particle and particle-photon interactions. These include electron-positron annihilation, neutral pion decay, bremsstrahlung, inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron radiation. In a terrestrial gamma-ray flash a brief pulse of gamma radiation can occur high in the Earth's atmosphere, above thunderstorms. These gamma rays are thought to be produced by high intensity static electric fields accelerating electrons, which then produce gamma rays by bremsstrahlung as they collide with and slowed by atoms in the atmosphere.

High energy gamma rays in astronomy include the gamma ray background produced when cosmic rays (either high speed electrons or protons) interact with ordinary matter, producing pair-production gamma rays at 511 keV. Alternatively bremsstrahlung at energies of tens of MeV or more are produced when cosmic ray electrons interact with nuclei of sufficiently high atomic number (see gamma ray image of the Moon at the beginning of this article, for illustration).

Image of entire sky in 100 MeV or greater gamma rays as seen by the EGRET instrument aboard the CGRO spacecraft. Bright spots within the galactic plane are pulsars while those above and below

PULSARS AND MAGNETARS.

§ The gamma ray sky (see illustration at right) is dominated by the more common and longer-term production of gamma rays in beams that emanate from pulsars within the Milky Way. Sources from the rest of the sky are mostly quasars. Pulsars are thought to be neutron stars with magnetic fields that produce focused beams of radiation, and are far less energetic, more common, and much nearer (typically seen only in our own galaxy) than are quasars or the rarer sources of gamma ray bursts. In a pulsar, which produces gamma rays for much longer than a burst, the relatively long-lived magnetic field of the pulsar produces focused beams of relativistic speed charged particles, which produce gamma rays (bremsstrahlung) when these charged particles strike gas or dust in the nearby medium, and are decelerated. This is a similar mechanism to the production of high energy photons in megavoltageradiation therapy machines (seebremsstrahlung). The "inverse Compton effect," in which charged particles (usually electrons) scatter from low-energy photons to convert them to higher energy photons is another possible mechanism of gamma ray production from relativistic charged particle beams. Neutron stars with a very high magnetic field (magnetars) are thought to produce astronomical soft gamma repeaters, which are another relatively long-lived star-powered source of gamma radiation.

HEALTH EFFECTS

§ All ionizing radiation causes similar damage at a cellular level, but because rays of alpha particles and beta particles are relatively non-penetrating, external exposure to them causes only localized damage, e.g. radiation burns to the skin. Gamma rays and neutrons are more penetrating, causing diffuse damage throughout the body (e.g. radiation sickness, cell's DNA damage, cell death due to damaged DNA, increasing incidence of cancer) rather than burns. External radiation exposure should also be distinguished from internal exposure, due to ingested or inhaled radioactive substances, which, depending on the substance's chemical nature, can produce both diffuse and localized internal damage. The most biological damaging forms of gamma radiation occur in the gamma ray window, between 3 and 10 MeV. See cobalt-60.

USES

Gamma-ray image of a truck with two stowaways taken with a VACIS (vehicle and container imaging system)

Gamma rays travel to Earth across vast distances of the universe, only to be absorbed by Earth's atmosphere. Different wavelengths of light penetrate Earth's atmosphere to different depths. Instruments aboard high-altitude balloons and such satellites as the Compton Observatory provide our only view of the gamma spectrum sky.

Gamma-induced molecular changes can also be used to alter the properties of semi-precious stones, and is often used to change white topaz intoblue topaz.

Non-contact industrial sensors used in the Refining, Mining, Chemical, Food, Soaps and Detergents, and Pulp and Paper industries, in applications measuring levels, density, and thicknesses commonly use sources of gamma. Typically these use Co-60 or Cs-137 isotopes as the radiation source.

In the US, gamma ray detectors are beginning to be used as part of the Container Security Initiative (CSI). These US$5 million machines are advertised to scan 30 containers per hour. The objective of this technique is to screen merchant ship containers before they enter US ports.

Gamma radiation is often used to kill living organisms, in a process called irradiation. Applications of this include sterilizing medical equipment (as an alternative to autoclaves or chemical means), removing decay-causing bacteria from many foods or preventing fruit and vegetables from sprouting to maintain freshness and flavor.

Despite their cancer-causing properties, gamma rays are also used to treat some types of cancer, since the rays kill cancer cells also. In the procedure called gamma-knife surgery, multiple concentrated beams of gamma rays are directed on the growth in order to kill the cancerous cells. The beams are aimed from different angles to concentrate the radiation on the growth while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues.

Gamma rays are also used for diagnostic purposes in nuclear medicine in imaging techniques. A number of different gamma-emitting radioisotopes are used. For example, in a PET scana radiolabled sugar called fludeoxyglucose emits positrons that are converted to pairs of gamma rays that localize cancer (which often takes up more sugar than other surrounding tissues). The most common gamma emitter used in medical applications is the nuclear isomertechnetium-99m which emits gamma rays in the same energy range as diagnostic X-rays. When this radionuclide tracer is administered to a patient, a gamma camera can be used to form an image of the radioisotope's distribution by detecting the gamma radiation emitted

(see also SPECT). Depending on what molecule has been labeled with the tracer, such techniques can be employed to diagnose a wide range of conditions (for example, the spread of cancer to the bones in a bone scan).

BODY RESPONSE

When gamma radiation breaks DNA molecules, a cell may be able to repair the damaged genetic material, within limits. However, a study of Rothkamm and Lobrich has shown that this repair process works well after high-dose exposure but is much slower in the case of a low-dose exposure.[16]

RISK ASSESSMENT

The natural outdoor exposure in Great Britain ranges from 2 to 4 nSv/h (nanosieverts per hour).[17] Natural exposure to gamma rays is about 1 to 2 mSv per year, and the average total amount of radiation received in one year per inhabitant in the USA is 3.6 mSv.[18] There is a small increase in the dose, due to naturally occurring gamma radiation, around small particles of high atomic number materials in the human body caused by the photoelectric effect.[19]

By comparison, the radiation dose from chest radiography (about 0.06 mSv) is a fraction of the annual naturally occurring background radiation dose,.[20] A chest CT delivers 5 to 8 mSv. A whole-body PET/CT scan can deliver 14 to 32 mSv depending on the protocol.[21] The dose from fluoroscopy of the stomach is much higher, approximately 50 mSv (14 times the annual yearly background).

An acute full-body equivalent single exposure dose of 1 Sv (1000 mSv) causes slight blood changes, but 2.0–3.5 Sv (2.0–3.5 Gy) causes very severe syndrome of nausea, hair loss, and hemorrhaging, and will cause death in a sizable number of cases—-about 10% to 35% without medical treatment. A dose of 5 Sv[22] (5 Gy) is considered approximately the LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of exposed population) for an acute exposure to radiation even with standard medical treatment. A dose higher than 5 Sv (5 Gy) brings an increasing chance of death above 50%. Above 7.5–10 Sv (7.5–10 Gy) to the entire body, even extraordinary treatment, such as bone-marrow transplants, will not prevent the death of the individual exposed

(see Radiation poisoning).[citation needed].

(Doses much larger than this may, however, be delivered to selected parts of the body in the course of radiation therapy.)

For low dose exposure, for example among nuclear workers, who receive an average yearly radiation dose of 19 mSv,[clarification needed] the risk of dying from cancer (excluding leukemia) increases by 2 percent. For a dose of 100 mSv, that risk increase is at 10 percent. By comparison, risk of dying from cancer was increased by 32 percent for the survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

GAMMA (GAMMA)

is the electromagnetic radiation and thus resembling light waves except that the wavelength is much less than the wavelength of the light and assume power is very high and pushes the speed of light and has a high capacity to penetrate any object stood in its path and Ihdzha only sheets of thick lead.
And emits gamma rays of cores radioactive form of bundles of energy called photons (Photons) and usually accompanied by the launch of particles at the same level and can gamma rays force during practically all media, where they kill any living cell are going through so they are used medically to kill cancer cells without the need toIn some cases, surgery is the radiation (gamma) dangerous because it easily penetrates the body to reach the vital organs internal Vtavea.
Therefore, you should be warned not offer ourselves for the damage Vlatagaf much in the sun so as not to offer our bodies for burns and damage.
And workers who are potentially exposed to gamma rays carrying the distinctive marks of films composed of photographic sensitive layer to show the amount of radiation they are exposed to have the necessary protection.
There are now five satellites model "Vela" America at an altitude of 100 thousand kilometers to detect gamma rays resulting from nuclear explosions on the ground ...For the necessary recommendations for the protection of the dangers

THE PROPERTIES OF GAMMA RAYS :
As mentioned previously emitted gamma rays of radioactive nuclei in the form of bundles of energy called photons (Photons) usually accompanies the launch of beta particles at the same level and have energies in the same field.
That the gamma rays of several thousand electron volts to a few millions, but contrary to the beta particles that slow down when you lost power and end up Bartbathma corn while moving gamma rays in all its speed of light to gamma rays lose energy through Aaleltqa Altsadwi which results from extrusion of electrons from the nucleus isYou may lose all capacity or part thereof during the meet and if the loss of part of the energy, the rest continue to move through space at light speed as photons with less energy and the higher energy photons of gamma increased energy electrons and mobile electrons that transfer energy to it by the photons of gamma raysgenerate damage in the middle (by ionization of atoms and irritation) and when free electron by a photon, the event which follows it depends only on the properties of the electron and not on the photon Jam edited.
The libel charged electron (Energetic electron) by the photon, which has the amount of energy (Mev1), for example, the nucleus is the only single ionization.That the electrons at slowing generate tens of thousands of Altainat and irritations and damage output will depend on the number and pattern of distribution space (Spatial distribution) for this Altainat and irritations instead of single ionization produced by gamma photon

Different methods of transfer of energy from radiation gamma article differ materially from those methods that are transmitted by the charged particles to the article and although X-rays, Bermstolong, and radiation annihilation not just gamma ray (Y) because it does not come from turning nuclear but it is similar to gamma rays (y) in the fundamental nature and its interaction with matter.The only difference is that the gamma rays (are of the capacity is high and that what did discuss now applies to electromagnetic radiation ranging from (100Mev-90.01Mev) There are several ways to interact whereby the gamma (y) with the material and lose energy to the grant of that article by one of the three operations the following key:
The photoelectric effect (Photoelectric effect)
And during gamma radiation loses its energy completely and give to a electrons associated with the seed of the atoms, and eventually exhausted this radiation.
Compton effect (Compton effect)
And gamma radiation which lose part of its energy and give it to one of free electrons or weak link of corn and thus deviates from its course of this radiation

PRODUCTION OF PAIRS (PAIR PRODUCTION):
When a photon of gamma radiation (y) more energy than Mev 1.02 and passes near the nucleus of the atom it is lacking in the arena of electrical and a pair of electron and Bozatron their energy equivalent masses are Mev 1.02 This is the Balentjah smaller energy required to produce the pair of particles, and if the photon energygreater than this value, the extras appear in the electron and PET Kkdrh vehicle and a small part of which goes to the nucleus of the atom.This incident shows more clearly the more energy photons of gamma rays.

Can be placed in the possibility of A particle pair is the following equation:
Doubles production probability = constant × Z2 (E - 1.02)
Standing, this possibility with the atomic number of a substance and the ability of photon absorption for the additional minimum Mev 1.02 that this expression by formation of a special pair in the arena of electrical nucleus but also may occur in the area of ​​orbital electrons and increases the probability that the recent increase of atomic number.
Notes from the foregoing that the first two incidents of the phenomenon of photoelectric and Compton phenomenon
(Compton) Taatnaqassan increase energy gamma rays (y) while the third phenomenon increase with energy, so it is clear that production doubles is what happens in the case of energies high gamma (Y) which exceed the capacity of Mev 5 with objects absorbent with atomic number higher, and it should be not edthat these three processes or some of the key is valid for all the energies of electromagnetic radiation, including X-rays (X-ray) and radiation Alankabbah

THERE ARE MANY APPLICATIONS, NUMEROUS AND USEFUL FOR GAMMA RAYS OF WHICH THE FOLLOWING.

MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF GAMMA RAYS

Using gamma rays in medicine to kill cells Asertanihomenaha growth. Implemented where gamma in the skin and works to ionize the cells and this causes the killing of those cells.Used in the field of medicine ..To study brain diseases ..And liver ..And macro ..And pancreas ..And thyroid glands ..And so on.
These organs are very simple to highly dose calculated to penetrate the Members with a camera-ray "gamma" placed outside the body ..Radiation is also used "gamma" accurately in the field of medicine to destroy cancer cells in the body.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF GAMMA RAYS:Using gamma rays in the industry to check the oil pipelines and discover their weaknesses.Where the gamma rays used in the filming of these tubes shining gamma rays on pipes and sensitive film is placed behind the tube and made up the shadow image on the film where they appear in distinct areas of weakness such as human bone imaging by X-ray.Gamma rays are also used to rid food made from bacteria and germs and more.The use of gamma rays in nuclear reactors and bombs, and in the industrial field is placed source beam "gamma" in front of the thing to be examined ..And record the image on the photographic plate is placed behind this thing to be examined ..To make sure the seams ..Detect flaws.Rays using "gamma" for the sterilization of canned food court closing saved ..Rays are also used to sterilize surgical threads ..Because the rays "gamma" is working to kill harmful bacteria inherent to the process of packaging ..Even this is not contaminated canned goods

SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS OF GAMMA RAYS:
Using gamma rays in the development of reactors and nuclear bombs and scientific experiments to uncover the secrets of the nucleus that astronomers hope will help bursts of gamma rays generated energy is stronger than quadrillion sun to reach the depths of cosmic abyss coated in dust is the womb that generate their stars.The scholars said: that one of these explosions are enormous energy this year's event.Alkuadrellaon and one is in front of him and 15 is zero.Astronomers do not know who are attending a conference in Baltimore on the gamma-ray bursts reason for this phenomenon.But a satellite to monitor one of them Dutch, Italy on 22 February.
And discover the world Peru Luigi Italian National Council for Research, based in Rome that this latest explosion, shock waves spread with astonishing speed, such as a huge space bubble, but a wall of dense gas Hathaway completely.He said Peru: (dense gases, there are only in areas where the breed is very stacked stars).Said Fiona Harrison astronomical at the California Institute of Technology: that if this were true, the gamma ray bursts could be signs of a global guide to the places of the birth of stars.She said (she signs indicative to where stars formed. Signs flashing through the material surrounding it).Unlike the optical light waves, the gas does not impede the gamma rays carried out through it.And went on Harrison says: (spawn stars in these clouds nebular beautiful surrounding and impeding the vision of the stars themselves. (And if you break one of 100 of these infant stars in the explosion of gamma it shine and we can say that the stars were formed)., Says Peru and Harrison that the largestinfant stars can be called fissions in gamma rays, but they stressed that the reason for this phenomenon is unknown. and can be called Star raging and mass greater than the mass of the sun 50 times. off this massive stars as soon as she was born and therefore difficult to monitor. but if the explosions in gamma rays can be observed fromland on the very long distances. The Peru that the explosion of the twenty-second of February occurred at a distance of about ten billion light-years from Earth. A light-year length of about ten trillion kilometers. It is noteworthy that the explosions gamma rays were detected for the first time in the seventies by satellites monitoring the Treatynuclear test ban. So far, 3000 an explosion occurred to the scientists to know where 40 of them only in the distant universe and believe that it generates the second largest energy in the universe after the explosion, the Great.
And very difficult to calculate the power of this energy, but scientists assume that if possible the exploitation o]f one per cent of this energy, it needs the land for quadrillion years.
If it was an explosion in the center of the gamma-ray Milky Way and the direction of the ground, the energy generated by the sun's energy more than 100 thousand times and will eliminate all forms of life on our planet