In 1659, the Rump Parliament was recalled and Richard resigned. He was the personal patron of Sir Christopher Wren, the architect who helped rebuild London after the Great Fire and who constructed the Royal Hospital Chelsea, which Charles founded as a home for retired soldiers in 1682. Lord Danby era hostil a Francia, pero en privado aceptara aterse aos desexos de Carlos. Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681, and ruled alone until his death in 1685. A instancia súa, o Parlamento Arrogante aprobou diversas leis que pasaron a constituír o denominado "Código Clarendon". Por primeira vez en case vinte anos os membros do Parlamento tiveron que enfrontarse a unhas eleccións xerais. "[91] The claim to France was only nominal, and had been asserted by every English monarch since Edward III, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled. Charles II was born at St James's Palace on 29 May 1630. Numerous accounts of his adventures were published, particularly in the immediate aftermath of the Restoration. O Parlamento da Convención foi disolto en decembro de 1660. By Elizabeth Killigrew (1622–1680), daughter of Sir Robert Killigrew, married Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount Shannon, in 1660: By Barbara Villiers (1641–1709), wife of Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine and created Duchess of Cleveland in her own right: By Louise Renée de Penancoet de Kérouaille (1649–1734), created Duchess of Portsmouth in her own right (1673): By Mary 'Moll' Davis, courtesan and actress of repute:[97], Letters claiming that Marguerite or Margaret de Carteret bore Charles a son named James de la Cloche in 1646 are dismissed by historians as forgeries. The bodies of Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton and John Bradshaw were subjected to the indignity of posthumous decapitations. Though not averse to his escape being ascribed to divine providence, Charles himself seems to have delighted most in his ability to sustain his disguise as a man of ordinary origins, and to move unrecognised through his realm. En 1646, o seu pai, temendo pola súa seguridade, ordenoulle marcharse a Francia e reunirse coa súa nai, que se atopaba alí no exilio. Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685)[c] was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Deste xeito o seu fillo, o Príncipe Guillerme de Gales, actualmente segundo na liña sucesoria ao trono británico, será moi probablemente o primeiro monarca británico que descenda de Carlos II, e o primeiro que descenda de Carlos I desde a morte da raíña Ana I de Inglaterra en 1714. A political crisis that followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. O 21 de maio de 1662, na cidade de Portsmouth, Carlos casou coa princesa Catalina de Portugal, que achegoulle os territorios de Bombai e Tánxer como dote. Non-academic authors have concentrated mainly on his social and cultural world, emphasising his charm, affability, worldliness, tolerance, turning him into one of the most popular of all English monarchs in novels, plays and films.[87]. Contribuíu a fundar a Royal Society ou Sociedade Real, un grupo científico entre cuxos primeiros membros contáronse Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle e Sir Isaac Newton. The Corporation Act 1661 required municipal officeholders to swear allegiance;[32] the Act of Uniformity 1662 made the use of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer compulsory; the Conventicle Act 1664 prohibited religious assemblies of more than five people, except under the auspices of the Church of England; and the Five Mile Act 1665 prohibited expelled non-conforming clergymen from coming within five miles (8 km) of a parish from which they had been banished. Aínda non está claro se Carlos tiña ou non intención de facer honra a devandita cláusula. [46] The Second Dutch War (1665–1667) was started by English attempts to muscle in on Dutch possessions in Africa and North America. O parlamento de 1679 fora elixido nun momento no que prevalecían os sentimentos anticatólicos en todo o Reino e desde o principio opúxose con vehemencia á perspectiva dun monarca católico. O mesmo ano, Carlos apoiou abertamente á católica Francia e iniciou a Terceira Guerra Anglo-holandesa. The present Dukes of Buccleuch, Richmond, Grafton and St Albans descend from Charles in unbroken male line. As a patron of education, he founded a number of schools, including the Royal Mathematical School in London and The King's Hospital in Dublin, as well as the Erasmus Smith schools in various parts of Ireland. After Charles I's execution at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War, the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king on 5 February 1649. [53] The Portuguese territories that Catherine brought with her as a dowry proved too expensive to maintain; Tangier was abandoned in 1684. Intentou recrutar un exército, pero fracasou debido ás súas penurias económicas. [63], The new English Parliament, which met in March of the same year, was quite hostile to Charles. (Eds.). Carlos consentiu en abolir anticuados deberes feudales que foran restablecidos polo seu pai; a cambio, o Parlamento concedeulle unha renda anual de 1 200 000 £. As he had been required to do so many times during his reign, Charles bowed to the wishes of his opponents, committing Danby to the Tower of London, in which he was held for another five years. Fanned by a strong easterly wind and fed by stockpiles of wood and fuel that had been prepared for the coming colder months, the fire eventually consumed about 13,200 houses and 87 churches, including St Paul's Cathedral. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. [69] Titus Oates was convicted and imprisoned for defamation. [55], Although previously favourable to the Crown, the Cavalier Parliament was alienated by the king's wars and religious policies during the 1670s. [39], After a long spell of hot and dry weather through mid-1666, what later became known as the Great Fire of London started on 2 September 1666 in a bakehouse on Pudding Lane. This gathered Spanish support for a restoration in return for Charles's contribution to the war against France. Charles himself soon came to despise the "villainy" and "hypocrisy" of the Covenanters. "Charles II." Carlos esforzouse por manter o Tratado en segredo, especialmente a cláusula concernente á súa conversión. O Acta de Conventículos e a de as Cinco Millas permaneceron en vigor durante o resto do reinado de Carlos.